Aerial view of Old Port of Marseille, France

Marseille: Independent, Industrial, and Mediterranean

From Caesar’s Commentaries to the modernism of Le Corbusier, the port city of Marseille has preserved a sense of individuality and industry.
A view of the outlet of the Cloaca Maxima by Giovanni Battista Piranesi, ca. 1776

Venus of the Sewers

The Roman sewer, the Cloaca Maxima, was presided over by a goddess whose shrine stood near the Forum.
Twelfth century illustration of Byzantines using fire against Thomas the Slav

Ancient Chemical Warfare

The lethal combination of chemistry and warfare has a long history.